Dan Chilton - Senior Portfolio Manager, Private Equity - Colorado PERA | LinkedIn. Denver, Colorado, United States Contact Info. 329 followers 327 connections.Here's an overview of what it means to be a Colorado PERA member and some of the benefits you receive. Learn more: https://bit.ly/35FwNDa. See less. Comments.Scott Smith. Scott Smith, elected to the PERA Board of Trustees in 2022, is Chief Financial and Operating Officer for Cherry Creek School District 5. He began his career in public service at Denver Public Schools. He is currently past president of CASE Department of Business Officials and a Board member of the Colorado School Finance Project.Colorado PERA is fully committed to providing accessible facilities, elements and channels of communication to all members of the public. As part of this commitment, Colorado PERA has a policy of providing an accessible website compatible with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) and commercial screen reading software. ...Get more information for Colorado Pera in Denver, CO. See reviews, map, get the address, and find directions. Search MapQuest. Hotels. Food. Shopping. Coffee. Grocery. Gas. Colorado Pera (303) 832-9550. Website. ... Colorado Dispute Resolution. Penn Center Security Guard Station. Denver Public Schools Retiremnt Sys. Judiciary Courts of the St ...PERA's Secure Sign In. Legal Notices. 1301 Pennsylvania Street. Denver, CO 80203. Monday - Friday 7:30 am - 4:30 pm. 1-800-759-7372.PERA Economic and Fiscal Impacts1. This study measures the economic and fiscal impacts of the Colorado Public Employees' Retirement Association (PERA) retirement distributions to Colorado recipients and provides a description of PERA members (active and benefit recipients). This December 2016 study is a follow-up to the earlier reports ...Rights, benefits, and obligations regarding PERA are governed by Title 24, Article 51 of Colorado Revised Statutes, and the Rules of the Colorado Public Employees' Retirement Association, which take precedence over any information on this Site.The state legislature established the Colorado Public Employees' Retirement Association (PERA) in 1931 to provide a pension benefit to state and local government employees, predating the federal Social Security Act of 1935 by four years. PERA is administered under Article 51 of Title 24 of the Colorado Revised Statutes.Colorado PERA is fully committed to providing accessible facilities, elements and channels of communication to all members of the public. As part of this commitment, Colorado PERA has a policy of providing an accessible website compatible with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) and commercial screen reading software. ...Colorado PERA is fully committed to providing accessible facilities, elements and channels of communication to all members of the public. As part of this commitment, Colorado PERA has a policy of providing an accessible website compatible with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) and commercial screen reading software. ...· Experience: Colorado Public Employees Retirement Association · Education: University of Denver - Daniels College of Business · Location: Denver, Colorado, United States · 500+ connections on ...Colorado state law, C.R.S. 24-51-101(42)(a) and PERA Rule 1.20F, define forms of compensation that are includable salary for PERA purposes and are subject to PERA contributions.How to Read Your 1099-R. If you received pension benefit payments from Colorado PERA in 2023, we will mail year-end tax information on IRS Form 1099-R by January 31, 2024. You will need this form to file your income tax return. More helpful information, including a video and an overview of 1099 information, is available here. 1—Gross ...Each employer in the public employees' retirement association (PERA) contributes a percentage of its total employer payroll to PERA in the form of an employer contribution, an amortization equalization disbursement (AED), and a supplemental amortization equalization disbursement (SAED). ... Colorado legislature email addresses ending in @state ...your Colorado PERA Defined Benefit (DB) or Defined Contribution (DC) Plan will contribute to that amount, you may want additional savings. That's where the PERAPlus 401(k) Plan comes into play. A voluntary retirement savings program offered through PERA, the PERAPlus 401(k) Plan can help you create your plan for the future. Enroll Today!Colorado legislature email addresses ending in @state.co.us are no longer active.Please replace @state.co.us with @coleg.gov for Colorado legislature email addresses. Details The effective date for bills enacted without a safety clause is August 7, 2024, if the General Assembly adjourns sine die on May 8, 2024, unless otherwise specified.December 1, 2021 at 2:53 p.m. Colorado's legislature made a $225 million annual promise to itself as well as the 630,000 members of the state pension fund and now, having broken that promise in ...After spending a lot of time writing about Colorado's teacher pension system (PERA), it becomes evident just how crazy the current system is. Here are the basic facts: 1. Members contribute 8.75 percent of their salary, which will rise to 10 percent next year;. 2. School district employers contribute 20.40 percent of each teacher's salary, rising to 20.90 percent next year;Colorado Public Employees’ Retirement Association (PERA) provides retirement and other benefits to the employees of more than 500 government agencies and public …Colorado PERA is fully committed to providing accessible facilities, elements and channels of communication to all members of the public. As part of this commitment, Colorado PERA has a policy of providing an accessible website compatible with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) and commercial screen reading software. ...These percentages ensure that, as of your effective date of retirement, your reduced retirement benefit is the actuarial equivalent of your full service retirement benefit. These percentages are subject to change based on actuarial experience. For 35+ years, add 2.5% to 87.5 for each year over 35 up to 100%. Final calculations are made to the ...Amy Grant. Position: Non-voting, Ex Officio Member. Term: Expires: June 30, 2028. Appointing Authority: DPS Division Members and Retirees. Amy Grant. Amy Grant was first elected to the PERA Board of Trustees in 2012. She began her career with Denver Public Schools in 1991 and is a retired office support professional from the JROTC Department at ...Join the nearly 40,000 classified state employees who feel the same way and strive daily to improve the quality of life for all Coloradans. Colorado has something for everyone. State employees enjoy almost limitless growth potential, top-notch training and development programs, and some of the best benefit packages in the state.In 2021, PERA marked its 90th year of providing retirement and other benefits to Colorado’s public employees. When PERA was established in 1931 by the Colorado General Assembly, the Association had fewer than 1,500 members and just $63,000 in assets. Today, PERA manages more than $76.8 billion on behalf of nearly …PERA is the 21st largest public pension plan in the United States. Established by State law in 1931, PERA operates by authority of the Colorado General Assembly and is administered under Title 24, Article 51 of the Colorado Revised Statutes. Its membership includes: employees of the Colorado state government,The University of Colorado aims to empower all employees to secure their financial stability in retirement. All eligible employees must participate in one of three mandatory plans, and as a state employer, some CU employees are eligible to participate in a Public Employees' Retirement Association (PERA) plan. PERA offers two plan options, a Defined Benefit (DB) plan and a Defined ...The administrative fee is a flat rate of $1 per month. Participants also pay a 0.03% total asset-based fee. All eligible employees can enroll in the PERA 401 (k) plan. This is a defined contribution plan that employees can choose whether to contribute funds before or after tax. The pretax option lowers your taxable income now.Colorado PERA provides retirement and other benefits to more than 670,000 current and former teachers, State Troopers, corrections officers, snowplow drivers, and other public employees who provide valuable service to all of Colorado. PERA is a vital and stable contributor to Colorado's economy, distributing more than $4.5 billion to retirees ...Colorado PERA is fully committed to providing accessible facilities, elements and channels of communication to all members of the public. As part of this commitment, Colorado PERA has a policy of providing an accessible website compatible with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) and commercial screen reading software. ...Financials at a Glance. PERA retirement benefit payments represent a steady stream of income in every county in Colorado, and provide stability to state, regional, and local economies. In 2022, PERA paid $5.2 billion in pension benefits, and, of that, $4.5 billion was paid to 112,509 PERA retirees living in Colorado.Gary Ratliff, CFA, CAIA Director of Alternative Investments at Colorado Public Employees' Retirement AssociationPERA must receive both the Agreement and Order at least 30 days before PERA will make its first payment pursuant to the DRO. (Applies to the PERA Defined Benefit plans only. Defined Contribution plans do not have the 30-day waiting period.) For questions relating to a DRO, please call PERA's Legal Department at 303-837-6271 or email at LegalDRO ...February 1, 2024. The Public Employees' Retirement Association of Colorado ("Colorado PERA" or "PERA") is seeking proposals from qualified firms to provide access to investment research and/or operational due diligence exclusively for its Alternatives asset class, which is comprised of real assets, hedge funds, and opportunistic sub-portfolios.If you're wondering how a change in employment or another big life change might affect your PERA account, know that we are here to help. Start by exploring the resources below for more details. If you need assistance at any point, let us know. To report the death of a PERA member or retiree, contact us at 800-759-7372.Add or update your beneficiary. It only takes a few minutes to ensure your CRA assets pass on to those you intend.The Public Employees' Retirement Association of Colorado (Colorado PERA) was established by state law in 1931 and provides retirement and other benefits to the employees of more than 500 government agencies and public entities in the state of Colorado. Colorado PERA is an innovative and sustainable provider of financial and retirement security serving Colorado's public employers and their ...In order to recompense the public employees' retirement association (PERA) for the cancellation of a previously scheduled July 1, 2020, direct distribution of $225 million, the act requires an additional direct distribution to PERA of $380 million to be made on the effective date of the act or as soon as possible thereafter.If you're wondering how a change in employment or another big life change might affect your PERA account, know that we are here to help. Start by exploring the resources below for more details. If you need assistance at any point, let us know. To report the death of a PERA member or retiree, contact us at 800-759-7372.Colorado legislature email addresses ending in @state.co.us are no longer active. Please replace @state.co.us with @coleg.gov for Colorado legislature email addresses. Details. The effective date for bills enacted without a safety clause is August 7, 2024, if the General Assembly adjourns sine die on May 8, 2024, unless otherwise specified. DetailsColorado Pera jobs. Sort by: relevance - date. 1,000+ jobs. Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) New. Colorado Department of Human Services 3.1. Golden, CO 80401. ... CO . The Division of Youth Services (DYS) provides a continuum of residential and non-residential services that encompass juvenile detention, commitment, and parole. DYS is …Colorado PERA is a state-run retirement system for over 500 public entities in Colorado. It provides pre-funded retirement benefits, invests the trust funds, and follows state law and rules."Stewardship is the heart of Colorado PERA's mission. As stewards of plan assets, we manage approximately $56 billion in assets on behalf of more than 670,000 members [as of 12/31/22].PERA distributes more than $4.4 billion a year to more than 110,000 public employee retirees who live in Colorado. It has some $66 billion in assets. The executive director is responsible for the ...Contact Unum. Client Service Center: 1-866-277-1649. Fax: 1-207-771-4022. Unum. NCG Administrative Services. PO Box 9783. Portland, ME 04104-5083. Colorado PERA offers an optional decreasing term life insurance program administered by Unum. The life insurance program includes the following…. Colorado legislature email addresses ending in @state.co.us are no longer active. Please replace @state.co.us with @coleg.gov for Colorado legislature email addresses. Details. The effective date for bills enacted without a safety clause is August 7, 2024, if the General Assembly adjourns sine die on May 8, 2024, unless otherwise specified. Details COLORADO STATE INCOME TAX PERA can withhold Colorado state income tax if you request it. PERA does not withhold taxes for any other state. Withholding for Colorado state income tax may not be necessary if your primary residence is outside the state of Colorado, or if your taxable pension income is less than $20,000 ($24,000 if you are age 65 or ...Contribution reports and payments are due within five business days of payment to employees, excluding holidays. The following are the bank/PERA… Read more » 2023 Tax Data Submission. All Colorado PERA employers must submit their W-2, W-3, 1096, and 1099-NEC/MISC files to PERA on an annual basis. These files must be submitted for… Read more »It was another frustrating year for Colorado's 631,000 public pension members. Despite a banner stock market year that saw Colorado's Public Employees' Retirement Association generate 17.4% returns on its investments — more than double its target — the state's public pension still ended 2020 in worse financial shape than it started. PERA's unfunded debt to […]Public Employees' Retirement Association (PERA) in 1931 to provide a pension benefit to state and local government employees, predating the federal Social Security Act of 1935 by four years. PERA is administered under Article 51 of Title 24 of the Colorado Revised Statutes. PERA is a substitute for Social Security for mostColorado PERA and Furlough Days After June 30, 2004 fact sheet Section 125 Plans. For members whose membership began on or before June 30, 2019, any money placed in a Section 125 flexible spending account, other than contributions to a Health Savings Account (HSA), is not considered salary for PERA purposes.Rights, benefits, and obligations regarding PERA are governed by Title 24, Article 51 of Colorado Revised Statutes, and the Rules of the Colorado Public Employees' Retirement Association, which take precedence over any information on this Site.The state legislature established the Colorado Public Employees' Retirement Association (PERA) in 1931 to provide a pension benefit to state and local government employees, predating the federal Social Security Act of 1935 by four years. PERA is administered under Article 51 of Title 24 of the Colorado Revised Statutes.COLORADO STATE INCOME TAX PERA can withhold Colorado state income tax if you request it. PERA does not withhold taxes for any other state. Withholding for Colorado state income tax may not be necessary if your primary residence is outside the state of Colorado, or if your taxable pension income is less than $20,000 ($24,000 if you are age 65 or ...Colorado PERA is fully committed to providing accessible facilities, elements and channels of communication to all members of the public. As part of this commitment, Colorado PERA has a policy of providing an accessible website compatible with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) and commercial screen reading software. ...Colorado PERA is fully committed to providing accessible facilities, elements and channels of communication to all members of the public. As part of this commitment, Colorado PERA has a policy of providing an accessible website compatible with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) and commercial screen reading software. ...Colorado Public Employees’ Retirement Association 1301 Pennsylvania Street, Denver, Colorado 80203 • 800-759-PERA (7372) • copera.org March 2024. Colorado PERA's Website. Colorado PERA's WebsiteColorado PERA is fully committed to providing accessible facilities, elements and channels of communication to all members of the public. As part of this commitment, Colorado PERA has a policy of providing an accessible website compatible with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) and commercial screen reading software. ...Colorado PERA | 3,563 followers on LinkedIn. Providing retirement benefits to over 600,000 current and former Colorado public employees. | As Colorado’s largest public pension plan, we are ...Member contribution rates are established by state law and determined as a percent of member pay. Contribution rates can automatically adjust on a yearly basis, determined by PERA's progress toward paying off its unfunded liability. The rates can increase or decrease by up to 0.5% per year, and cannot exceed certain limits also set in law. Please follow the instructions below to offer public comment during a PERA Board meeting: Register prior to the meeting by emailing Brenda Meidl at [email protected]. Call 855-721-0566 to be placed in the queue in the order in which you call in. To be considered for public comment, you must call in 15 minutes prior to start of the meeting. The administrative fee is a flat rate of $1 per month. Participants also pay a 0.03% total asset-based fee. All eligible employees can enroll in the PERA 401 (k) plan. This is a defined contribution plan that employees can choose whether to contribute funds before or after tax. The pretax option lowers your taxable income now. Colorado PERA 1-800-795-7372 copera.org. Both plans offer the same PERAdvantage investment options and Empower Retirement is the recordkeeper for both plans. 401(k) election/payroll form 401(k) form for non-PERA members PERA manages the 401(k) plan. To participate, complete a salary deferral election form and the necessary PERA …Amy Grant. Position: Non-voting, Ex Officio Member. Term: Expires: June 30, 2028. Appointing Authority: DPS Division Members and Retirees. Amy Grant. Amy Grant was first elected to the PERA Board of Trustees in 2012. She began her career with Denver Public Schools in 1991 and is a retired office support professional from the JROTC Department at ...In 2009, the general assembly enacted legislation to merge the Denver public schools retirement system into the public employees' retirement association (PERA), effective January 1, 2010. The merger legislation created a Denver public schools (DPS) division within PERA and set the employer and member contribution rates for that division.The Colorado Public Employees' Retirement Association (PERA), respectfully submits this report titled, "Rural School District PERA Employee Retiree ("Critical Shortage") Report," to the House and Senate Finance committees of the Colorado General Assembly pursuant to the following statute: C.R.S. §24-51-1101(1.9)(i)New. Colorado Department of Human Services 3.1. Hybrid work in Pueblo, CO 81003. $56,028 - $72,840 a year. Full-time + 1. Monday to Friday. Strong, secure, yet flexible retirement benefits including a PERA Defined Benefit Plan or PERA Defined Contribution Plan www.copera.org plus 401 (k) and 457…. Posted 4 days ago.Colorado Public Employees' Retirement Association. 1301 Pennsylvania Street • Denver, Colorado 80203 • 303-832-9550 • 1-800-759-PERA (7372) • www.copera.org February 2014. See the appropriate Highest Average Salary (HAS) table in the . Your PERA Benefits. booklet. Q. If I choose a monthly retirement benefit, how will it be paid? A.Colorado PERA is fully committed to providing accessible facilities, elements and channels of communication to all members of the public. As part of this commitment, Colorado PERA has a policy of providing an accessible website compatible with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) and commercial screen reading software. ...552 Followers, 379 Following, 64 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Colorado PERA (@coloradopera) 540 Followers, 379 Following, 62 Posts - See Instagram photos and videos from Colorado PERA (@coloradopera) Something went wrong. There's an issue and the page could not be loaded. ...Learn how to make the most of your PERA membership, whether you're new, mid-career, or ready to retire. Find benefit basics, life and job changes, and 401 (k)/457 plan information.Legislative Council Staff is the nonpartisan research and support service agency for the Colorado General Assembly. Legislative Council Staff Nonpartisan Services for Colorado's Legislature IssueBrief March 2020Number 20-09 PERA's Automatic Adjustment Provision By Erin Reynolds Senate Bill 18-200, Modifications to the Colorado PublicColorado PERA provides retirement and other benefits to more than 671,000 current and former public employees. Learn how to get started, stay informed, and access forms and …Learn how Colorado PERA compares to other public pension plans in the US for retirement age eligibility, and how proposed legislation may change it. See a chart of …Colorado PERA is fully committed to providing accessible facilities, elements and channels of communication to all members of the public. As part of this commitment, Colorado PERA has a policy of providing an accessible website compatible with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) and commercial screen reading software. ...Situation of the Colorado Public Employees' Retirement Association (PERA) Overview The Colorado Legislative Council Staff (LCS), on behalf of the Pension Review Subcommittee, is requesting proposals from qualified firms to conduct an evaluation of the economic and investment assumptions used to model PERA's financial situation, as required byColorado PERA is fully committed to providing accessible facilities, elements and channels of communication to all members of the public. As part of this commitment, Colorado PERA has a policy of providing an accessible website compatible with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) and commercial screen reading software. ...The public employees' retirement association (PERA) board (board) is required to create an exclusion list of all fossil fuel companies in whose stocks, securities, equities, assets, or other obligations PERA has any money or assets directly invested. ... Colorado legislature email addresses ending in @state.co.us are no longer active. Please ...Amy Grant. Position: Non-voting, Ex Officio Member. Term: Expires: June 30, 2028. Appointing Authority: DPS Division Members and Retirees. Amy Grant was first elected to the PERA Board of Trustees in 2012. She began her career with Denver Public Schools in 1991 and is a retired office….Use the chart below to determine which table applies to you. The shaded areas on the tables indicate reduced retirement percentages. The percentages in the shaded areas on the PERA 2, PERA 4, PERA 6, PERA 7, PERA 8, PERA 9, DPS 3, DPS 4, Safety Officers 2, and Safety Officers 3 tables ensure that, as of your effective date of retirement, your ... AMBA is proud to announce the upcoming series of educational seminars for retired school and public employees in Colorado. CSPERA partnered with AMBA as the exclusive association benefits providers for members. These short webinars provide valuable resources and information about important topics like Long Term Care, Medicare, Medical ...
Financials at a Glance. PERA retirement benefit payments represent a steady stream of income in every county in Colorado, and provide stability to state, regional, and local economies. In 2022, PERA paid $5.2 billion in pension benefits, and, of that, $4.5 billion was paid to 112,509 PERA retirees living in Colorado.. Transhub
PERA working retirees are limited to 110 days of work per calendar year, however the Boulder campus is allowed to designate 10 PERA working retirees to a 140 day per calendar year schedule. Per the Administrative Policy Statement 5054, there are specific reasons for departments to hire working retirees and appointments are reviewed by the appropriate HR department. To request the 140-day ...The Colorado General Assembly kicked off January 10. Mike, Two out of four Colorado Supreme justices pulled a fast one in disregarding the Contract Clause of the Constitution and upholding a silly fairy tale contrived by lower court Judge Hyatt, to override the correct Court of Appeals decision recognizing the 3.5% annual increase was a lifetime benefit for PERA beneficiaries who vested under ...your Colorado PERA Defined Benefit (DB) or Defined Contribution (DC) Plan will contribute to that amount, you may want additional savings. That's where the PERAPlus 401(k) Plan comes into play. A voluntary retirement savings program offered through PERA, the PERAPlus 401(k) Plan can help you create your plan for the future. Enroll Today!Visitors should check in at PERA's front desk. DIRECTIONS FROM 1-70 » Exit at I-25 south and follow the directions above. ADDRESS 1301 Pennsylvania Street Denver, CO 80203 BUSINESS HOURS (MOUNTAIN TIME) Monday through Friday 7:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. PHONE 800-759-7372 Denver International Airport (DIA)The Colorado PERA Board of Trustees voted unanimously Monday to terminate the employment of Executive Director Ron Baker, according to a news release. Baker's termination comes after an almost two-month leave of absence, according to the release. PERA did not say why Baker was on a leave of absence or why he is being terminated.It was another frustrating year for Colorado's 631,000 public pension members. Despite a banner stock market year that saw Colorado's Public Employees' Retirement Association generate 17.4% returns on its investments — more than double its target — the state's public pension still ended 2020 in worse financial shape than it started. PERA's unfunded debt to […]1.4.1 The Author. For those of you who are not from Colorado, PERA stands for Public Employment Retirement Association. It is a public pension plan for employees of the State of Colorado and public-school teachers, similar to CalPERS, the public pension plan for California. Most Colorado PERA jobs are with state and local governments, as well ...The bill, HB22-1029, now heads to Gov. Jared Polis for his signature. Lawmakers enacted legislation to forego the $225 million direct distribution payment to PERA in 2020 during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, when the General Assembly cut billions of dollars from the state budget. The state automatically resumed payments in 2021 ...Colorado PERA is fully committed to providing accessible facilities, elements and channels of communication to all members of the public. As part of this commitment, Colorado PERA has a policy of providing an accessible website compatible with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) and commercial screen reading software. ...Together, PERA sponsors three defined contribution plans which hold assets in excess of $5 billion for some 95,000 Colorado public employees. PERA offers both defined benefit (pension) and defined contribution plans to its members. Some PERA members have the option to choose a defined contribution plan instead of the defined benefit plan.Join us for a live discussion about PERA's investment program and our recently released Investment Stewardship Report.As referenced in the 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report (ACFR) , Colorado PERA is on schedule to meet its 30-year full funding goal. This means the automatic adjustment provision will not trigger any changes to contribution rates in 2024. The automatic adjustment provision provided in Senate Bill 18-200 aims to keep PERA on track to ...Financials at a Glance. PERA retirement benefit payments represent a steady stream of income in every county in Colorado, and provide stability to state, regional, and local economies. In 2022, PERA paid $5.2 billion in pension benefits, and, of that, $4.5 billion was paid to 112,509 PERA retirees living in Colorado.Colorado PERA is fully committed to providing accessible facilities, elements and channels of communication to all members of the public. As part of this commitment, Colorado PERA has a policy of providing an accessible website compatible with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) and commercial screen reading software. ...Colorado PERA is fully committed to providing accessible facilities, elements and channels of communication to all members of the public. As part of this commitment, Colorado PERA has a policy of providing an accessible website compatible with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 2.1) and commercial screen reading software. ...Colorado PERA is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Who We Are. PERA's culture is based on a collaborative, integrated business approach that delivers quality customer service to our affiliated employers, membership, elected officials, and citizens of Colorado. We are a voice in the public pension industry on a local, regional, and national level.Because of SB 200, PERA members, retirees and employers, as well as Colorado taxpayers, will benefit from a stronger, more stable retirement fund. PERA's funded status will improve over time, the state's credit rating will remain strong and PERA retirees will continue to receive retirement benefits, contributing to Colorado's economy and ....